【大洋洲·澳大利亚】威兰德拉湖区Willendra Lake District

威兰德拉湖区位于新南威尔士西南部的墨累河盆地。被巴尔拉纳德郡和文特沃斯郡从西南向东北方向对角分开。中心地区海拔70米。这个地区归属新南威尔士州政府管辖。原来只有小部分地区得到法律保护，即公元1979年公布的蒙戈国家公园，那是根据公元1974年的新南威尔士国家公园和野生动物法确定的。公元1986年3月27日的澳大利亚政府51号公报宣布了国家公园的规模，从13000公顷增加到现在的27847公顷。公元1981年威兰德拉湖区被列入世界遗产名录，原定方圆600000公顷，后改减到公元1995年的240000公顷，包括蒙戈国家公园。

威兰德拉湖区由一系列干湖组成，形成于第三纪早期。墨累河盆地的海侵造成石灰沙、石灰石和泥灰的沉积。第四纪又被沙石和沙丘地带覆盖。这个地区以长条沙丘为特征（见附图），沙丘从西向东的方向反映出风系的控制走向，尽管沙丘被植物所稳定，但约18000 年到16000 年以前沙丘又恢复活动，随后又被移植生长的植物再次稳定。
知名的威兰德拉比拉邦河，即拉克伦河的支流，注入互相联系的湖区流域。流域由6个主要的湖和一些较小的洼地组成。其中从小池塘到占地500平方公里深10米加纳朋湖（Lake Garnpung），大小不一。湖区东侧新月形沙丘的形成可追溯到至少40000年到约15000年以前，包括18000到16000年以前沙丘形成的集中活跃时期。
由于属于雨量少半干旱气候，这里的植被由半干旱植物群落组成。特征为稀疏分散的灌木丛、草地和林地零星点缀着沙原和沙丘。主要的树木是桉树和灌木，还有白柏松和树下长的箭猪草。约20种哺乳动物生活在这里，包括红袋鼠、灰袋鼠、针鼹鼠和数种蝙蝠。

此地留有许多人类文化遗迹。通过数次放射性同位素地质年测定，人类至少在30000年以前就开发这个地区了。考古发现一处26000年历史的火葬遗址，一处30000年历史的赭石墓葬遗址，大型有袋动物的遗迹，还有18000年以前用于碾碎野草的磨石和臼。

对于这个地区文化遗产和资源价值的科学研究已经进行。这个地区现由州行政部门土地和水资源部，国家公园和野生动物服务部共同管理。 

The Willendra Lake District is located in the Murray River Basin in southwestern New South Wales. It was separated by Baerlanadejun and Wentewosi County from the Southwest to the Northeast. The central area is 70 meters above sea level. This area is under the jurisdiction of the New South Wales Government. It turned out that only a small part of the area was protected by law, namely the Mungo National Park published in 1979, which was determined under the National Park and Wildlife Act of New South Wales in 1974 AD. On March 27, 1986, the Australian Government's Bulletin No. 51 announced the size of the national park, which increased from 13,000 hectares to 27,847 hectares. In 1981, the Lake District of Willendra was included in the World Heritage List. It was originally scheduled to have a radius of 600,000 hectares and was later reduced to 240,000 hectares in 1995, including the Mungo National Park.

The Willendra Lake District consists of a series of dry lakes formed in the early Tertiary period. The sea invasion of the Murray River Basin resulted in the deposition of limestone, limestone and mud. The Quaternary period was also covered by sand and sand dunes. This area is characterized by long sand dunes(see map). The direction of the sand dunes from west to East reflects the direction of wind control. Although the sand dunes are stabilized by plants, the sand dunes resumed their activities about 18,000 to 16,000 years ago. The plants that were subsequently transplanted were stabilized again.

The well-known Weilandelabilabanghe, a tributary of the Lakron River, was injected into the interconnected lake basin. The basin consists of six major lakes and some smaller depressions. From the small pond to Lake Garnpong, which covers an area of 500 square kilometers and is 10 meters deep, it varies in size. The formation of crescent-shaped sand dunes on the eastern side of the lake can be traced back to at least 40,000 to about 15,000 years ago, including a period of concentrated activity in the formation of sand dunes from 18,000 to 16,000 years ago.

Due to the low rainfall and semi-arid climate, the vegetation here consists of semi-arid plant communities. It is characterized by sparse scattered bushes, grasslands and woodlands dotted with sand plains and sand dunes. The main trees are eucalyptus and shrubs, as well as Baibaisong and arrow pig grass growing under the tree. About 20 species of mammals live here, including red kangaroos, gray kangaroos, needle moles and several bats.

There are many human cultural relics here. Through several radioisotope Geological years, humans developed this area at least 30,000 years ago. Archaeology has found a 26000-year-old cremation site, a 3000-year-old stone tomb site, remains of large marsupials, and grindstone and mortar used to crush weeds 18,000 years ago.

Scientific research on the value of the region's cultural heritage and resources has been carried out. This area is now jointly managed by the State Administration Department of Land and Water Resources, the National Parks and Wildlife Services Department.