【传统技艺】 玛瑙雕刻（阜新市）传承人：李洪斌

阜新市人民政府

锦州玛瑙雕刻，历史悠久，蜚声中外。玛瑙是一种名贵的玉料，它的成因要追溯到亿万年前。由于地壳的剧烈运动，岩浆从火山口喷出，形成熔岩，岩浆中混有的各种被熔解的矿物质，冷却凝固后成为各种石料，玛瑞便是其中一种。它含有钙、镁、铁的硅酸盐，后经土中酸化作用，形成红、黄、绿、白、灰、蓝、黑、紫等色，故有“千种玛瑙”的美称。玛瑙质地坚硬，形状各异，种类繁多，产于我国辽宁、黑龙江等省。

玛瑙雕刻工艺品的制作过程很复杂，由于玛瑙料硬度大，性脆，琢磨难度大，不易加工，所以要经过“相玉”、“巧用俏色”、“量料取材”、“因材施艺”的设计，通过切、扣、划、钻、冲、压、勾、撤、顶、撞、擦、透、拉、串、光等工艺加工，才能雕琢成一件精美的玛瑙工艺品。

Jinzhou agate carving has a long history and is well known both at home and abroad. Agate is a kind of precious jade. Its origin can be traced back to hundreds of millions of years ago. Because of the intense movement of the earth's crust, magma ejects from the crater to form lava. The magma is mixed with various molten minerals. After cooling and solidification, it becomes various kinds of stone. Marry is one of them. It contains calcium, magnesium and iron silicates, which are acidified in the soil to form red, yellow, green, white, grey, blue, black and purple colors, so it has the reputation of "thousand agate". The agate is hard in texture, different in shape and various in variety. It is produced in Liaoning, Heilongjiang and other provinces in China.

The production process of agate carving handicraft is very complicated. Because of its high hardness, brittleness, difficulty in polishing and difficult to process, it is necessary to design "Xiangyu", "Qiaocai", "metering material for material" and "applying skill according to aptitude". Only by cutting, buckling, scratching, drilling, punching, pressing, drawing, pulling, stringing and polishing can it be carved into one. An exquisite agate handicraft.

李洪斌，1939年出生于岫岩玉乡玉雕世家，1958年考入岫岩玉器厂学艺，1959年被选送到丹东美术学校进修，专攻素活设计与制作。学习期间，师承北京著名的素活大师黄永贵先生，得其真传。1972年，应阜新市玛瑙玉器厂聘请担任素活设计师，带徒传艺，主持玛瑙素活设计制作工作。

阜新玛瑙雕刻已有8000年历史，主要分“素活”和“雅活”。李洪斌是阜新玛瑙雕刻的代表性人物，从事玛瑙“素活”近半个世纪之久，被称为最后的“素活”大师。2007年，他被评为国家级非物质文化遗产传承人。为了保护这一面临失传的手艺，国家将阜新玛瑙雕选入第一批国家非物质文化遗产名录。

三十几年来，李洪斌的“素活” 远销到日本、爱尔兰等数十个国家，备受海内外收藏者喜爱，在全国玉雕大赛和全国工艺美术大展中连获大奖。许多书的书面、封皮上都用过他的作品，有的作品上了邮票，《今日辽宁》的封面用的也是他的一个“链条炉”的照片。有一个大花熏曾被拿到外贸部，至今仍摆在外贸部礼宾司，那年国务院办公厅一次就拿走了他的大小16件“素活”。