【亚洲·土耳其】制作çini的传统工艺 Traditional craftsmanship of Çini-making（2016年）

切尼是土耳其制造的传统手工釉面砖和陶瓷，具有丰富多彩的植物、动物图案和几何图案，通常出现在全国各地的建筑物正面和家庭中。制作çini需要一系列过程。粘土首先成型、内衬、干燥并在专门用于制作çini的烤箱中烧制。然后，代表当地习俗和信仰的设计在纸上钻孔，并用煤尘转移到表面。图案的外部轮廓是手工绘制的，表面染成各种颜色，然后将作品上釉并烧制。切尼制作车间包括工匠、主管和学徒。每个工匠都有一个特定的角色——塑造、设计和染色、抛光和涂底漆或烧制。从业者认为阿纳尔是自我表达、发展和康复的一个出口，也是维持艺术形式的一种手段，这是土耳其文化身份的象征性方面，加强了从过去到现在的联系，提供了连贯性。切尼制作并不局限于车间空间。这一传统也在全国各地的家庭、公共教育中心、职业学校和大学中实行，那里的年龄、性别和种族都不是知识共享、传播和技能发展的障碍。

2016年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Çini are traditional, handmade glazed tiles and ceramics made in Turkey featuring colourful motifs of plants, animals and geometric patterns often found on facades of buildings and in homes throughout the country. Producing çini involves a series of processes. The clay is first shaped, lined, dried and fired in ovens specifically for çini making. Designs representing local customs and beliefs are then drilled on paper and transferred to the surface with coal dust. Outer contours of the patterns are hand drawn, the surface dyed in various colours and then the work is glazed and fired. Çini-making workshops involve craftspeople, supervisors and apprentices. Each craftsperson has a specific role – shaping, design and dye, polishing and undercoating or firing. Practitioners consider çini making as an outlet for self-expression, development and healing, as well as a means of maintaining an art form that is a symbolic aspect of Turkey’s cultural identity, strengthening links from the past to the present providing continuity. Çini making is not confined to workshop spaces. The tradition is also practised in the home, public education centres, vocation schools and universities throughout the country where neither age, gender nor ethnicity are barriers to knowledge sharing, transmission and skills development.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2016.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region