【欧洲·奥地利】移牧：地中海和阿尔卑斯山季节性牲口迁移 Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock along migratory routes in the Mediterranean and in the Alps（2019年）

Transhumance（移牧）是指在地中海和阿尔卑斯山的迁徙路线上季节性驱赶牲畜的活动，是一种畜牧活动。每年的春天和秋天，成千上万的动物被成群结队的牧民连同他们的狗和马从黎明到黄昏沿着两个地理和气候区域之间的稳定路线驱赶。在许多情况下，牧民的家人也会带着牲畜旅行。可以区分两大类变性：平原或高原地区的水平变性；以及垂直跨人类，通常在山区。“超人类”塑造了人、动物和生态系统之间的关系。它涉及共同的仪式和社会实践，照顾和饲养动物，管理土地、森林和水资源，以及应对自然灾害。超人类牧民对环境、生态平衡和气候变化有着深入的了解，因为这是最可持续、高效的畜牧业方法之一。他们还拥有与各种手工艺和食品生产相关的特殊技能。春季和秋季的庆祝活动标志着跨人类活动的开始和结束，届时，携带者分享食物、仪式和故事，并向年轻一代介绍这种活动。首席牧民通过日常活动向年轻一代传授他们的具体技能，确保这种做法的持续可行性。

Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock along migratory routes in the Mediterranean and the Alps, is a form of pastoralism. Every year in spring and autumn, thousands of animals are driven by groups of herders together with their dogs and horses along steady routes between two geographical and climatic regions, from dawn to dusk. In many cases, the herders’ families also travel with the livestock. Two broad types of transhumance can be distinguished: horizontal transhumance, in plain or plateau regions; and vertical transhumance, typically in mountain regions. Transhumance shapes relations among people, animals and ecosystems. It involves shared rituals and social practices, caring for and breeding animals, managing land, forests and water resources, and dealing with natural hazards. Transhumant herders have in-depth knowledge of the environment, ecological balance and climate change, as this is one of the most sustainable, efficient livestock farming methods. They also possess special skills related to all kinds of handicraft and food production involved. Festivities during springtime and autumn mark the beginning and end of transhumance, when bearers share food, rituals and stories and introduce younger generations to the practice. Chief herders pass on their specific know-how to the younger generations through daily activities, ensuring the continued viability of the practice.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2019.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region