【非洲·埃塞俄比亚】Gada，Oromo社会政治民主自治制度 Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo（2016年）

Gada是埃塞俄比亚奥罗莫人使用的一种传统治理体系，它是从几代人的社区经验中获得的知识发展而来的。该系统管理社区处理冲突解决、赔偿和保护妇女权利等问题的政治、经济、社会和宗教活动。它是加强道德行为、建立社会凝聚力和表达社区文化形式的机制。加达被组织成五个阶级，其中一个是统治阶级，由主席、官员和议会组成。每一个班级都要经过一系列的等级，然后才能行使权力，领导层每八年轮流更换一次。阶级成员资格向男性开放，男性的父亲已经是成员，而女性则在保护妇女权利的决策过程中接受咨询。这些课程由口述历史学家讲授，内容包括历史、法律、仪式、时间推算、宇宙学、神话、行为规则以及加达体系的功能。会议和仪式在一棵梧桐树下举行（被认为是加达的象征），而各大宗族根据领土建立了加达中心和仪式空间。有关Gada系统的知识会在家里和学校传递给孩子们。

2016年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Gada is a traditional system of governance used by the Oromo people in Ethiopia developed from knowledge gained by community experience over generations. The system regulates political, economic, social and religious activities of the community dealing with issues such as conflict resolution, reparation and protecting women’s rights. It serves as a mechanism for enforcing moral conduct, building social cohesion, and expressing forms of community culture. Gada is organized into five classes with one of these functioning as the ruling class consisting of a chairperson, officials and an assembly. Each class progresses through a series of grades before it can function in authority with the leadership changing on a rotational basis every eight years. Class membership is open to men, whose fathers are already members, while women are consulted for decision-making on protecting women’s rights. The classes are taught by oral historians covering history, laws, rituals, time reckoning, cosmology, myths, rules of conduct, and the function of the Gada system. Meetings and ceremonies take place under a sycamore tree (considered the Gada symbol) while major clans have established Gada centres and ceremonial spaces according to territory. Knowledge about the Gada system is transmitted to children in the home and at school.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2016.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region