“鲍尔一家是生活在孟加拉国农村和印度西孟加拉邦的神秘吟游诗人。鲍尔运动在19世纪和20世纪初达到顶峰,现在在孟加拉国农村人口中重新流行起来。他们的音乐和生活方式影响了孟加拉文化的很大一部分,尤其是他们的作品。”诺贝尔奖得主拉宾德拉纳特·泰戈尔。

鲍尔要么住在一个村庄附近,要么从一个地方旅行到另一个地方,靠在埃克塔拉、琵琶、一种简单的单弦乐器和一种名为杜布基的鼓的伴奏下唱歌谋生。鲍尔属于一种非正统的信仰传统,受到印度教、佛教、孟加拉语、瓦西里教和苏菲派伊斯兰教的影响,但与他们截然不同。鲍尔既不认同任何有组织的宗教,也不认同种姓制度、特殊的神、寺庙或圣地。他们强调人的身体作为神居住的地方的重要性。鲍尔的音乐和诗歌因其不拘泥于传统而备受推崇。鲍尔的诗歌、音乐、歌曲和舞蹈致力于发现人类与上帝的关系,并实现精神解放。他们的宗教歌曲可以追溯到15世纪,当时它们首次出现在孟加拉文学中。

鲍尔音乐代表了一种特殊类型的民歌,受到了印度教巴克提运动以及苏菲派歌曲舒菲派的影响。精神领袖也会用歌曲来指导门徒学习鲍尔哲学,并通过口头传播。歌曲的语言不断现代化,因此赋予它当代意义。

Baul歌曲的保存及其表演的一般环境主要取决于其从业者Bauls的社会和经济状况,他们一直是一个相对边缘化的群体。此外,由于孟加拉国农村普遍贫困,他们的情况在最近几十年里恶化了。"

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源:联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

 

The Bauls are mystic minstrels living in rural Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. The Baul movement, at its peak in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, has now regained popularity among the rural population of Bangladesh. Their music and way of life have influenced a large segment of Bengali culture, and particularly the compositions of Nobel Prize laureate Rabindranath Tagore.

Bauls live either near a village or travel from place to place and earn their living from singing to the accompaniment of the ektara, the lute dotara, a simple one-stringed instrument, and a drum called dubki. Bauls belong to an unorthodox devotional tradition, influenced by Hinduism, Buddhism, Bengali, Vasinavism and Sufi Islam, yet distinctly different from them. Bauls neither identify with any organized religion nor with the caste system, special deities, temples or sacred places. Their emphasis lies on the importance of a person’s physical body as the place where God resides. Bauls are admired for this freedom from convention as well as their music and poetry. Baul poetry, music, song and dance are devoted to finding humankind’s relationship to God, and to achieving spiritual liberation. Their devotional songs can be traced back to the fifteenth century when they first appeared in Bengali literature.

Baul music represents a particular type of folk song, carrying influences of Hindu bhakti movements as well as the shuphi, a form of Sufi song. Songs are also used by the spiritual leader to instruct disciples in Baul philosophy, and are transmitted orally. The language of the songs is continuously modernized thus endowing it with contemporary relevance.

The preservation of the Baul songs and the general context in which they are performed depend mainly on the social and economic situation of their practitioners, the Bauls, who have always been a relatively marginalized group. Moreover, their situation has worsened in recent decades due to the general impoverishment of rural Bangladesh.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region

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