【亚洲·塔吉克斯坦】沙士木卡姆音乐 Shashmaqom music（2008年）

“十多个世纪以来，沙什马库姆的古典音乐传统一直在中亚的城市中心发展，这里以前被称为马瓦尔纳哈尔，现在包括今天的塔吉克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦。

Shashmaqom的意思是“六个maqom”，它融合了声乐和器乐、旋律和节奏的习语以及诗歌。这一类型由独奏或由一群歌手和一个由琵琶、小提琴、框架鼓和长笛组成的管弦乐队表演。表演通常以器乐介绍开始，然后是nasr，主要声乐部分由两组不同的歌曲组成。

回溯到前伊斯兰时代，沙什马库姆一直受到音乐学、诗歌、数学和苏菲派发展的影响。九世纪和十世纪的马库姆体系非常流行，以至于在历史和精神中心布哈拉建立了许多音乐学校，主要由犹太人社区创办。Shashmaqom流派需要经过专门训练的音乐家，因为标准的记谱系统只能记录基本框架。因此，从大师到学生的口头传播仍然是保存音乐及其精神价值的主要手段。

从20世纪70年代开始，许多著名的沙什马库姆表演者从塔吉克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦移民到以色列和美国的散居社区。自从乌兹别克斯坦和塔吉克斯坦于1991年获得独立以来，已经采取了许多措施来保护沙什马库姆。只有少数表演者保持了独立教师教授的当地表演风格。随着许多沙什马库姆大师的去世，塔吉克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦的当代表演者绝大多数都是塔什干音乐学院的毕业生，该学院提供沙什马库姆作曲的培训。"

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

For over ten centuries, the classical music tradition of Shashmaqom has evolved in the urban centres of Central Asia formerly known as Mâwarâ al-nahr, an area which now encompasses present-day Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

Shashmaqom, meaning “six maqoms”, constitutes a fusion of vocal and instrumental music, melodic and rhythmic idioms and poetry. The genre is performed solo or by a group of singers and an orchestra of lutes, fiddles, frame-drums and flutes. Performances generally open with an instrumental introduction followed by the nasr, the main vocal section consisting of two distinct sets of songs.

Dating back to the pre-Islamic era, Shashmaqom was continually influenced by developments in musicology, poetry, mathematics, and Sufism. So popular was the maqom system in the ninth and tenth centuries that numerous music schools were founded, mainly by the Jewish community, in the city of Bukhara, the historical and spiritual centre of Shashmaqom. Shashmaqom genre requires specially trained musicians because the standard notation system can record only the basic framework. Consequently, oral transmission from master to student remains the principal means of preserving the music and its spiritual values.

From the 1970s, many of the best-known Shashmaqom performers emigrated from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan to diaspora communities in Israel and the United States. Since Uzbekistan and Tajikistan gained independence in 1991, many measures have been taken to safeguard Shashmaqom. Only a few performers have maintained local performance styles as taught by independent teachers. With the passing of many Shashmaqom masters, the overwhelming majority of presentday performers in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are graduates of the Tashkent Conservatory, which offers training in Shashmaqom composition.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region