【亚洲·土库曼斯坦】都塔尔制作工艺及与歌唱结合的传统音乐表演艺术 Dutar making craftsmanship and traditional music performing art combined with singing（2021年）

都塔尔是土库曼斯坦的传统乐器和音乐流派。都塔尔琴是一种长颈、两根弦的琵琶，琴身呈梨形，琴身上覆盖着一块薄木板。共鸣体和音板由一片桑木制成，颈部由一棵杏树的干树干制成。为了制作都塔尔的主体，木头被磨圆、挖空并抛光。盖子的木头要烘烤24小时以除去湿气，然后用骨胶粘在杜塔的中空部分。最后，添加琴颈、琴弦和琴弦，并对乐器进行调谐。都塔尔是土库曼文化不可分割的一部分，在土库曼音乐和歌唱的所有主要流派中都有使用。音乐分为两种类型：dutarchy（指单独演奏的音乐）和bagshy（指伴随歌唱的音乐）。还有几个子类型。例如，dessanchy bangshy是一种史诗般的表演，融合了叙事、歌唱和即兴发声，从而实现诗歌和散文的交替。在土库曼斯坦，都塔尔音乐是庆典、仪式、国家庆典、文化节、社交聚会和娱乐节目的重要组成部分。

2021年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Dutar is a traditional instrument and musical genre from Turkmenistan. The dutar instrument is a long-necked, two-stringed lute with a pear-shaped body covered by a thin wooden sounding board. The resonating body and soundboard are made from a piece of mulberry wood, and the neck is made with the dried trunk of an apricot tree. To make the body of the dutar, the wood is rounded, hollowed out and polished. The wood for the cover is baked for up to twenty-four hours to remove humidity, then glued over the hollow of the dutar using bone glue. Finally, the neck, frets and strings are added, and the instrument is tuned. The dutar is an inseparable part of Turkmen culture and is used in all of the main genres of Turkmen music and singing. The music is divided into two types: dutarchy, which refers to music played alone, and bagshy, which refers to music accompanied by singing. There are also several sub-types. For instance, a dessanchy bangshy is an epic performance incorporating narration, singing and vocal improvisation, thus alternating poetry and prose. In Turkmenistan, dutar music is an essential part of festivities, ceremonies, national celebrations, cultural festivals, social gatherings and entertainment programmes.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2021.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region