【亚洲·哈萨克斯坦】哈萨克斯坦牧马人的传统春季节日仪式 Traditional spring festive rites of the Kazakh horse breeders（2018年）

哈萨克种马人的传统春节仪式——发生在卡拉干达州乌利托区的Terisakkan村——标志着旧的马繁殖周期的结束和新的马繁殖周期的开始。这些仪式植根于关于自然的传统知识和人与马之间的古老关系，包括从游牧祖先那里继承下来的技能，以适应当今的现实。在长达一年的准备工作之前，这项活动的主要组成部分是：“Biye baylau”（字面意思是“拴马”），这是一种古老的“第一次挤奶”仪式，包括将母马和小马驹从牛群中分离出来，挤奶母马，并用歌声、舞蹈和游戏庆祝Ayghyr kosu（比喻为“种马的婚姻”），这是一种最近为牧群中相邻种马举行的仪式；以及“第一次分享马奶”仪式“Kymyz muryndyk”（暗喻为“开始分享马奶”），开启了制作和分享的季节。仪式总共需要大约三周的时间，直到每家每户都要举行的分享马奶的仪式结束。这些仪式开启了一个新的年度繁殖周期，体现了哈萨克人的传统热情好客。面对二十世纪从游牧生活方式到定居生活方式的被迫转变，马匹饲养者已经调整了传统的马匹饲养方式，以满足当今的条件，确保其持续生存。

2018年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Traditional spring festive rites of the Kazakh horse breeders – taking place in Terisakkan Village in the Ulytau District of Karaganda Oblast – mark the end of the old and the beginning of the new yearly horse-breeding cycle. Rooted in traditional knowledge about nature and the age-old relations between man and horse, the rites involve skills inherited from nomadic ancestors, adapted to present-day reality. Preceded by year-long preparations, the main constituents of the practice are: ‘Biye baylau’ (literally, ‘tethering mares’), the ancient ‘first milking’ rite encompassing the separation of mares and foals from the herds, milking the mares, and celebrating with songs, dances and games; ‘Ayghyr kosu’ (figuratively, the ‘stallion’s marriage’), a recent rite for adjoining stallions in herds; and ‘Kymyz muryndyk’ (metaphorically, the ‘initiation of koumiss’), the ‘first koumiss sharing’ rite, opening the season of its production and sharing. The rites take around three weeks in total, until the koumiss sharing ceremonies, which take place in every household, are over. The rites open a new yearly cycle of reproduction and manifest traditional Kazakh hospitality. Faced with the forced transition in the twentieth century from a nomadic way of life to a settled one, bearers have adapted the traditional form of horse breeding to meet present-day conditions to ensure its continued viability.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2018.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region