【亚洲·格鲁吉亚】格鲁吉亚复调演唱Georgian polyphonic singing（2008年）

“流行歌曲在格鲁吉亚文化中有着非常重要的地位。格鲁吉亚的语言和文化经常受到侵略者的压迫，用格鲁吉亚语言进行的复调演唱是该国的世俗传统。格鲁吉亚有三种复调：复杂复调，这在斯瓦内蒂很常见；低音背景下的复调对话，流行于格鲁吉亚东部的卡赫蒂地区；并将复调与三个部分即兴演唱的部分进行对比，这是西乔治亚州的特点。Chakrulo歌曲是在仪式和节日上演唱的，属于第一类，其独特之处在于它使用了隐喻，以及由一名男性假声歌手演唱的yodel、Krimangli和“公鸡的乌鸦”。其中一些歌曲与葡萄藤崇拜有关，许多歌曲可以追溯到八世纪。这些歌曲传统上渗透到日常生活的各个领域，从田间劳动（Naduri，将体力劳动的声音融入音乐中）到歌曲、治疗疾病和圣诞颂歌（Alilo）。拜占庭的礼拜赞美诗也融入了格鲁吉亚的复调传统，以至于成为了它的重要表现形式。

格鲁吉亚传统音乐以前曾遭受社会主义文化政策的弊端，现在受到农村人口外流和流行音乐日益成功的威胁。在许多档案中可以找到20世纪初的复调歌曲录音；然而，这些录音不足以保证长期保存。"

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Popular singing has a highly valued place in Georgian culture. Polyphonic singing, in the Georgian language, is a secular tradition in a country whose language and culture have often been oppressed by invaders. There are three types of polyphony in Georgia: complex polyphony, which is common in Svaneti; polyphonic dialogue over a bass background, prevalent in the Kakheti region in Eastern Georgia; and contrasted polyphony with three partially improvised sung parts, characteristic of western Georgia. The Chakrulo song, which is sung at ceremonies and festivals and belongs to the first category, is distinguished by its use of metaphor and its yodel, the krimanchuli and a “cockerel’s crow”, performed by a male falsetto singer. Some of these songs are linked to the cult of the grapevine and many date back to the eighth century. The songs traditionally pervaded all areas of everyday life, ranging from work in the fields (the Naduri, which incorporates the sounds of physical effort into the music) to songs to curing of illnesses and to Christmas Carols (Alilo). Byzantine liturgical hymns also incorporated the Georgian polyphonic tradition to such an extent that they became a significant expression of it.

Having previously suffered the drawbacks of socialist cultural policies, traditional Georgian music is now threatened by rural exodus as well as by the increasing success of pop music. In many archives one finds recordings of polyphonic songs from the beginning of the twentieth century; these recordings are, however, not secure enough to guarantee the long-term preservation.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region