【亚洲·阿塞拜疆】阿塞拜疆木卡姆 Azerbaijani Mugham（2008年）

“阿塞拜疆穆加姆是一种传统的音乐形式，其特点是大量即兴创作。尽管穆加姆是一种古典和学术艺术，但它借鉴了流行的吟游诗人旋律、节奏和表演技巧，并在全国各地的许多场所演出。

当代对阿塞拜疆穆加姆的描绘反映了阿塞拜疆不同历史时期及其与波斯人、亚美尼亚人、格鲁吉亚人和其他突厥民族的接触。这种音乐类型与伊拉克的马卡姆、波斯的拉迪夫和土耳其的马卡姆有着共同的艺术特征。过去，穆加姆主要在两个世俗场合表演：玩具、传统婚礼盛宴和私人场合的鉴赏家聚会。它也由苏菲派成员和被称为塔齐或沙比的宗教戏剧演员培育。官方比赛和非正式比赛有助于建立成功音乐家的声誉。

这种调式音乐类型的特点是由男性或女性歌手和演奏传统乐器的音乐家伴奏，如tar（长颈琵琶）、kamancha（四弦提琴）和daf（一种大型手鼓）。由于穆加姆无法以固定的形式进行转录，因此大师们会传送多个版本，这些大师们会训练学生们在口译艺术方面的技巧，以确保这种艺术表达的多样性。

主要由于欧洲的影响，穆加姆已经失去了一些美学和表现力特征，这一点在当代音乐家的表演方式和向年轻一代传授技能的方式上尤为明显。"

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

The Azerbaijani Mugham is a traditional musical form, characterized by a large degree of improvisation. The Mugham, though a classical and academic art, draws upon popular bard melodies, rhythms and performance techniques and is performed in many venues throughout the country.

Contemporary representations of the Azerbaijani Mugham reflect different periods of Azerbaijan’s history and its contacts with Persians, Armenians, Georgians and with other Turkic peoples. This musical genre shares artistic characteristics with the Iraqi Maqam, the Persian Radif and the Turkish Makams. In the past, Mugham was primarily performed on two secular occasions: the toy, the traditional wedding feast and the majles, a gathering of connoisseurs in private settings. It was also cultivated by members of the Sufi orders and by performers of religious dramas known as ta’zie or shabih. Official competitions and informal contests served to establish the reputation of accomplished musicians.

This modal genre features a male or female singer accompanied by musicians playing traditional instruments, such as the tar (a long-neck lute), the kamancha (a four-string spiked fiddle) and the daf (a type of large tambourine). Since Mugham cannot be transcribed in a fixed form, multiple versions are transmitted by masters who train students in the fine art of interpretation to ensure the variety of this artistic expression.

The Mugham has lost some of its aesthetic and expressive characteristics largely due to European influences, which are particularly apparent in the manner in which contemporary musicians perform and transmit their skills to the younger generations.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region