【欧洲·意大利】意大利松露采集的传统知识和实践 Truffle hunting and extraction in Italy, traditional knowledge and practice（2021年）

意大利块菌狩猎和提取是一套已经口头传播了几个世纪的知识和实践。今天，它仍然是意大利半岛整个社区农村生活的特征。块菌猎手，或tartufai，通常生活在农村地区和小村庄。块菌狩猎分为两个步骤：狩猎和提取。狩猎需要确定松露植物生长的区域，从其根部生长出名为“松露”的地下真菌。这一步是在训练有素的狗的帮助下完成的。然后猎人们使用一把特殊的铲子，这样他们就可以在不干扰土壤条件的情况下提取松露。块菌狩猎涉及与自然生态系统管理和犬类块菌猎人关系相关的广泛技能和知识（关于气候、环境和植被）。这些知识通过口头传统传递，包括故事、寓言、轶事和表达，反映当地的文化身份，并在松露狩猎社区内创造团结感。块菌狩猎通常与标志着块菌季节开始和结束的流行盛宴联系在一起。这些做法尊重生态平衡和植物多样性，确保块菌物种的季节性再生。

2021年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Italian truffle hunting and extraction is a set of knowledge and practices that has been transmitted orally for centuries. Today, it still characterizes the rural life of entire communities in the Italian peninsula. Truffle hunters, or tartufai, usually live in rural areas and small villages. There are two steps to truffle hunting: the hunting and the extraction. The hunting entails the identification of areas where the truffle plant grows, from whose roots grows the underground fungus named ‘truffle’. This step is carried out with the help of a trained dog. The hunters then use a special spade that allows them to extract the truffles without disturbing the soil conditions. Truffle hunting involves a wide range of skills and knowledge (about climate, the environment and vegetation) related to the management of natural ecosystems and to the dog-truffle hunter relationship. This knowledge is passed on through oral traditions, including stories, fables, anecdotes and expressions that reflect the local cultural identity and create a sense of solidarity within the truffle hunting community. Truffle hunting is often associated with popular feasts that mark the beginning and end of the truffle season. The practices respect ecological balance and plant biodiversity, ensuring the seasonal regeneration of the truffle species.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2021.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region