【亚洲·印度】黄铜及铜制器皿传统制造工艺 Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab, India（2014年）

Jandiala古鲁的Thatheras的工艺构成了旁遮普制造黄铜和铜器皿的传统技术。使用的金属——铜、黄铜和某些合金——被认为对健康有益。这一过程始于采购冷却后的金属蛋糕，将其压平成薄片，然后锤成弯曲形状，制作出所需的小碗、镶边盘子，再到装水和牛奶的大壶、大型烹饪容器和其他手工制品。在锤击和弯曲钢板形成不同形状的同时加热钢板需要小心的温度控制，这是通过使用埋在地下的小型燃木炉（借助手持式风箱）实现的。餐具是用沙子和罗望子汁等传统材料手工抛光而成。设计是通过巧妙地在加热的金属上锤入一系列微小的凹痕来完成的。餐具可以用于仪式或实用目的，在婚礼或寺庙等特殊场合，既可用于个人使用，也可用于社区使用。制造过程是由父亲口传给儿子的。金属制品不仅仅是撒赫拉人的一种谋生方式，它还定义了他们的家庭和亲属关系结构、职业道德以及在城镇社会等级中的地位。

2014年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

The craft of the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru constitutes the traditional technique of manufacturing brass and copper utensils in Punjab. The metals used – copper, brass and certain alloys – are believed to be beneficial for health. The process begins with procuring cooled cakes of metal that are flattened into thin plates and then hammered into curved shapes, creating the required small bowls, rimmed plates, to larger pots for water and milk, huge cooking vessels and other artefacts. Heating the plates while hammering and curving them into different shapes requires careful temperature control, which is achieved by using tiny wood-fired stoves (aided by hand-held bellows) buried in the earth. Utensils are manually finished by polishing with traditional materials such as sand and tamarind juice. Designs are made by skilfully hammering a series of tiny dents into the heated metal. Utensils may be manufactured for ritual or utilitarian purposes, both for individual and community use on special occasions such as weddings or at temples. The process of manufacturing is transmitted orally from father to son. Metalwork is not simply a form of livelihood for Thatheras, but it defines their family and kinship structure, work ethic and status within the social hierarchy of the town.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2014.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region