【亚洲·日本】与日本木构建筑的保护和传承有关的传统技艺、技术和知识 Traditional skills, techniques and knowledge for the conservation and transmission of wooden architecture in Japan（2020年）

日本木构建筑的保护和传播包括一系列传统技能、技术和知识。该国大约70%的土地被森林覆盖。因此，木材自古以来就被用于房屋。事实上，世界上现存的最古老的木结构是建于七世纪初的合裕寺。提名文件中描述的17种技能的一些例子包括：坂木抹灰、日本柏树树皮的采伐、传统结构的漆画、榻榻米垫（地板材料）的生产等等。直到19世纪，工匠大师们都把学徒训练成传承传统技能知识的接班人。然而，由于现代化，这一过程变得更加困难，于是成立了保护协会。知识不仅包括建造新建筑的技术，还包括修复现有建筑的技术。由于该国气候炎热潮湿，维修工作必须经常进行。在修复现场，不同技能的工匠必须一起完成工作。一些维护工作还需要当地居民的参与。例如，屋顶上的芦苇或稻草茅草需要每20年彻底更新一次，这是一项劳动密集型工作。因此，该元素通过促进合作和社会凝聚力发挥社会功能，并增强日本人民的文化认同感。

2020年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

The conservation and transmission of wooden architecture in Japan consists in a set of traditional skills, techniques and knowledge. Roughly seventy per cent of the country is forested. Therefore, wood has been used in houses since ancient times. In fact, the world’s oldest surviving wooden structure is the Horyu-ji temple that was built in the early seventh century. Some examples of the seventeen skills described in the nomination file, include sakan plastering, the harvesting of Japanese cypress bark, lacquer painting of traditional structures, the production of tatami mats (flooring material), and many more. Until the nineteenth century, master craftsmen trained apprentices as successors to transmit knowledge of the traditional skills. Due to modernization, however, this process became more difficult, so preservation associations were formed. Knowledge includes not only techniques for building new structures, but also restoring existing ones. Due to the country’s hot and humid climate, repair work must happen often. At restoration sites, craftspeople with different skills must complete the work together. Some maintenance work also requires the involvement of local residents. For example, reed or straw thatch on a roof needs to be completely renewed every twenty years, which is a labour-intensive job. The element thus serves a social function by fostering cooperation and social cohesion and strengthens Japanese people’s sense of cultural identity.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2020.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region.