【欧洲·克罗地亚】克罗地亚南部地区达尔马提亚克拉帕多重唱 Klapa multipart singing of Dalmatia, southern Croatia（2012年）

达尔马提亚语是克罗地亚南部地区的一种多声部歌唱传统。它的主要特点是多声部演唱、五车二谐音演唱、口述传统和简单的音乐制作。每个合唱团的领队都是第一个男高音，然后是几个男高音、男中音和贝西音。表演时，歌手们站成一个紧密的半圆。第一个男高音开始唱歌，然后是其他男高音。主要目的是实现尽可能最好的声音混合。从技术上讲，klapa歌手通过开放的喉音、鼻音和假声来表达他们的情绪，通常是用高音的tessitura。另一个特点是无需记谱就能自由歌唱。klapa歌曲的主题通常涉及爱情、生活状况和他们生活的环境。执行者和练习者都是技术娴熟的业余爱好者，他们继承了前人的传统。他们的年龄因许多年轻人和年长歌手一起唱歌而不同。在“传统的klapa”中，知识是口头传递的“克拉帕节”的组织更加正式，重点是表演和展示。在《现代克拉帕》中，年轻歌手通过观看表演和听录音获得经验。当地社区将klapa歌唱视为其音乐身份的中心标志，包括对多样性、创造力和沟通的尊重。

2012年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Klapa singing is a multipart singing tradition of the southern Croatian regions of Dalmatia. Multipart singing, a capella homophonic singing, oral tradition and simple music making are its main features. The leader of each singing group is the first tenor, followed by several tenori, baritoni and basi voices. During performances, the singers stand in a tight semicircle. The first tenor starts the singing and is followed by the others. The main aim is to achieve the best possible blend of voices. Technically, klapa singers express their mood by means of open guttural, nasal sotto voce and falsetto singing, usually in high-pitched tessitura. Another feature is the ability to sing freely, without the help of notation. Topics of klapa songs usually deal with love, life situations, and the environment in which they live. Bearers and practitioners are skilled amateurs who inherit the tradition from their predecessors. Their ages vary with many younger people singing with older singers. In ‘traditional klapa’, knowledge is transferred orally. ‘Festival klapa’ is more formally organized with a focus on performance and presentation. In ‘modern klapa’, young singers gain experience by attending performances and listening to recordings. Local communities see klapa singing as a central marker of their musical identity, incorporating respect for diversity, creativity and communication.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2012.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region