【亚洲·韩国】济州岛海女（女性潜水员）文化 Culture of Jeju Haenyeo (women divers)（2016年）

济州岛上有一个妇女社区，一些年龄在80多岁，她们在没有氧气面罩的帮助下，潜入海底10米以采集鲍鱼或海胆等贝类为生。凭借对海洋和海洋生物的了解，济州海鸟（女性潜水员）每天最多收获7小时，每年90天，每次潜水都屏息一分钟，并在浮出水面时发出独特的声音。潜水员根据经验水平分为三组：黑根、郑根和桑根，桑根为其他潜水员提供指导。潜水前，人们会向海之女神Jamsugut祈祷，祈求安全和大量捕获。知识通过家庭、学校、拥有该地区捕鱼权的当地渔业合作社、海约协会、海约学校和海约博物馆传递给年轻一代。济州海约文化被省政府指定为代表该岛的特色和人民精神，它还通过环保方法和社区参与渔业管理，为提高妇女在社区中的地位和促进环境可持续性做出了贡献。

2016年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

In Jeju Island, there is a community of women, some aged in their 80s, which goes diving 10m under the sea to gather shellfish, such as abalone or sea urchins for a living without the help of oxygen masks. With knowledge of the sea and marine life, the Jeju haenyeo (female divers) harvest for up to seven hours a day, 90 days of the year holding their breath for just one minute for every dive and making a unique verbal sound when resurfacing. Divers are categorised into three groups according to level of experience: hagun, junggun and sanggun with the sanggun offering guidance to the others. Before a dive, prayers are said to the Jamsugut, goddess of the sea, to ask for safety and an abundant catch. Knowledge is passed down to younger generations in families, schools, local fishery cooperatives which have the area’s fishing rights, haenyeo associations, The Haenyeo School and Haenyeo Museum. Designated by the provincial government as representating the island’s character and people’s spirit, the culture of Jeju haenyeo has also contributed to the advancement of women’s status in the community and promoted environmental sustainability with its eco-friendly methods and community involvement in management of fishing practices.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2016.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region