【美洲·巴西】瓦雅皮人的口头和图画表达形式Oral and graphic expressions of the Wajapi（2008年）

在巴西北部瓦帕尼地区的图帕米族和瓦帕尼族有着悠久的文化历史，他们用图帕米族的植物来装饰瓦帕尼族e开发了一个独特的沟通系统——图形和语言成分的丰富融合——反映了他们的世界观，使他们能够传递有关社区生活的知识。

这种平面艺术被称为kusiwa，其设计采用了从roucou植物中提取的红色植物染料与香味树脂混合。瓦贾比认为，掌握绘画技巧和染料的制备所需的技术和艺术熟练度在四十岁以前是不可能达到的。经常出现的图案包括美洲虎、水蟒、蝴蝶和鱼。Kusiwa设计指的是人类的创造，并通过丰富的神话来实现。这种身体艺术与美洲印第安人的口头传统密切相关，在社会文化、审美、宗教和形而上学层面上具有多重意义。事实上，kusiwa构成了Wajapi社会的框架，其意义远远超出了其作为图形艺术形式的作用。随着土著艺术家不断地重新设计图案和发明新图案，这种传统知识的编码库正在不断演变。

虽然瓦贾皮人生活在他们的保护区内，但他们的传统生活方式，包括库西瓦的习俗，有失去其象征意义的危险，甚至可能完全消失。这样的损失将极大地改变社区的社会和宇宙参照点。主要威胁来自年轻一代的不感兴趣，以及精通库西瓦剧目的瓦贾皮人数量的减少。"

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

The Wajapi of the Tupi-guarani cultural-linguistic group are indigenous to the northern Amazonian region. Some 580 Wajapi live in 40 small villages on a specially designated territory in the state of Amapá. The Wajapi have a long history of using vegetable dyes to adorn their bodies and objects with geometric motifs. Over the centuries, they have developed a unique communication system – a rich blend of graphic and verbal components – that reflects their world-view and enables them to hand down knowledge about community life.

This graphic art is known as kusiwa and its designs are applied with red vegetable dyes extracted from the roucou plant mixed with scented resins. The Wajapi consider that the technical and artistic proficiency required to master the drawing technique and the preparation of the dye cannot be attained before the age of forty. Commonly recurring motifs include the jaguar, anaconda, butterfly and fish. Kusiwa designs refer to the creation of humankind and come alive through a rich corpus of myths. This body art, closely linked to Amerindian oral traditions, possesses multiple meanings on socio-cultural, aesthetic, religious and metaphysical levels. Indeed, kusiwa constitutes the very framework of Wajapi society and is endowed with significance extending far beyond its role as a graphic art form. This coded repertory of traditional knowledge is perpetually evolving as indigenous artists are constantly reconfiguring the motifs and inventing new patterns.

Although the Wajapi live on their protected territory, their traditional lifestyle, including the practice of kusiwa, is in danger of losing its symbolic significance and may even disappear altogether. Such a loss would drastically alter the community’s social and cosmological reference points. The principal threats stem from disinterest on the part of the younger generation and the decreasing number of Wajapi proficient in the kusiwa repertory.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region