【美洲·巴西】巴亥瑞康卡乌的圆圈桑巴舞Samba de Roda of the Recôncavo of Bahia（2008年）

“桑巴舞包括音乐、舞蹈和诗歌，是17世纪在雷肯卡沃地区巴伊亚州发展起来的一种流行节日活动。它大量借鉴了该地区非洲奴隶的舞蹈和文化传统。表演还包括葡萄牙文化的元素，如朗加语诗歌和某些乐器。起初，桑巴舞是非洲裔巴西人区域流行文化的一个主要组成部分，最终被移民带到里约热内卢，在那里它影响了城市桑巴舞的演变，成为20世纪巴西民族身份的象征。

这种舞蹈在各种场合表演，如流行的天主教节日或非裔巴西人宗教仪式，但也在更自发的环境中表演。所有在场的人，包括初学者，都被邀请加入舞蹈，通过观察和模仿来学习。罗达桑巴舞的一个重要特征是参与者聚集在一个圆圈中，称为罗达。它通常只由女性表演，每个人轮流站在拳击场的中心，周围的其他人围着她跳舞，同时拍手唱歌。舞蹈编排通常是即兴的，以脚、腿和臀部的动作为基础。最典型的动作之一是著名的肚皮推法，这是班图影响的证明，舞者用它来邀请她的继任者进入圆圈的中心。罗达桑巴舞也以特殊的舞步而著称，比如米乌迪尼奥舞，使用中提琴弯刀——一种小型琵琶，上面有葡萄牙的拨弦，还有刮乐器和伴奏歌曲。

大众媒体的影响和当代流行音乐的竞争，在年轻人的眼中低估了桑巴舞。从业者的老龄化和能够制作某些乐器的工匠数量的减少对传统的传播构成了进一步的威胁。"

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

The Samba de Roda, which involves music, dance and poetry, is a popular festive event that developed in the State of Bahia, in the region of Recôncavo during the seventeenth century. It drew heavily on the dances and cultural traditions of the region’s African slaves. The performance also included elements of Portuguese culture, such as language, poetry, and certain musical instruments. At first a major component of regional popular culture among Brazilians of African descent, the Samba de Roda was eventually taken by migrants to Rio de Janeiro, where it influenced the evolution of the urban samba that became a symbol of Brazilian national identity in the twentieth century.

The dance is performed on various occasions, such as popular Catholic festivities or Afro-Brazilian religious ceremonies, but is also executed in more spontaneous settings. All present, including beginners, are invited to join the dance and learn through observation and imitation. One of the defining characteristics of the Samba of Roda is the gathering of participants in a circle, referred to as roda. It is generally performed only by women, each one taking her turn in the center of the ring surrounded by others dancing in the circle while clapping their hands and singing. The choreography is often improvised and based on the movements of the feet, legs and hips. One of the most typical movements is the famous belly push, the umbigada, a testimony of Bantu influence, used by the dancer to invite her successor into the centre of the circle. The Samba de Roda is also distinguished by specific dance steps like the miudinho, the use of the viola machete - a small lute with plucked strings from Portugal, as well as scraped instruments, and responsorial songs.

The influence of mass media and competition from contemporary popular music have contributed to undervaluing this Samba in the eyes of the young. The ageing of practitioners and the dwindling number of artisans capable of making some of the instruments pose a further threat to the transmission of the tradition.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region