【亚洲•马来西亚】马克-扬戏剧 Mak Yong Theater (2008年)

这一古老的戏剧形式由马来西亚的马来族社会创造，包括表演、声乐、器乐、手势以及华丽的戏装。特别是这一传统的形成地——马来西亚西北部吉兰丹州的乡村，马克—扬主要作为仪式中的娱乐形式而举行，这种仪式与康复实践相关。
　　专家们确信，马克—扬在该国伊斯兰化前业已存在，至20世纪前，在伊斯兰领地吉兰丹的恩主的直接庇护下，作为皇家戏剧而演出。此后，这一传统就在原生态的乡村背景下被保存下来，但并未丢弃许多适于宫廷要求的文雅因素，如久经于世的服饰设计。
　　典型的马克—扬表演，开始于祭祀活动，紧接着舞蹈、表演、音乐以及即兴的独白和对话。一个单独的故事可以连续数夜上演，每场三小时。在传统的乡村背景下，演出设在一个临时的没有围墙的舞台上，舞台由木材和橡树叶搭建。观众坐在舞台的三面，第四面留给乐队。乐队由锥型三弦、一对双面桶型鼓和悬击圆锣组成。几乎所有角色都由女性扮演。故事多基于古老的马来传说，其中有宫廷角色、神和小丑。马克—扬也与仪式表演相关联，如萨满巫师尝试通过歌唱、附体舞蹈和精神控制等，治愈病人。

This ancient form of drama was created by Malaysian Malay society, including performances, vocal music, instrumental music, gestures and gorgeous costumes. Especially in the rural areas of Kirandan, northwest Malaysia, where this tradition was formed, Mark Young was mainly held as a form of entertainment in the ceremony, which was related to rehabilitation practice.

Experts are convinced that Mark Young existed before the Islamization of the country and performed as a royal drama under the direct protection of the beneficiaries of the Islamic territory of Gilandan until the 20th century. Since then, this tradition has been preserved in the original rural context, but it has not discarded many elegant factors suitable for the requirements of the court, such as the long-standing costume design.

The typical Mark-Young performance begins with sacrificial activities, followed by dance, performance, music and impromptu monologue and dialogue. A single story can be staged for several nights, three hours each. In the traditional rural context, the performance is set on a temporary stage without walls, which is made of wood and oak leaves. The audience sat on three sides of the stage, and the fourth side was reserved for the band. The band consists of three tapered strings, a pair of double-sided drums and a suspended gong. Almost all roles are played by women. Most of the stories are based on ancient Malay legends, including court characters, gods and clowns. Mark Young is also associated with ritual performances, such as shamans trying to heal patients by singing, body-attached dancing and mental control.