【欧洲·阿尔巴尼亚】阿尔巴尼亚民间低声部复调音乐 Albanian Folk Iso-Polyphony（2008年）

阿尔巴尼亚的传统复调音乐，可分为两种主要风格：北阿尔巴尼亚黑格斯人（Ghegs）的表演风格，居住在阿尔巴尼亚南部的来布斯人（Labs）的表演风格。申报书主要指南阿尔巴尼亚托斯克斯人（Tosks）和来布斯人的平行复调音乐。“Iso”一词所指的形式与拜占庭教堂音乐“ison”有关，特指低音声部，即伴唱复调。这种低声部有两种表演方式：在托斯克斯人中，常用“唉”这一衬词使低音持续不断，并采用错位呼吸法；而来布斯人的表演中，低音有时采用带节奏的音调，伴随歌词演唱。二声部、三声部、四声部复调各不相同。二声部平行复调是阿尔巴尼亚复调音乐中最简单的形式，流行于整个南阿尔巴尼亚地区。平行复调主要由男性表演，但也有少数女歌手。这种音乐广泛应用于各类社会活动，如婚礼、丧葬、丰收庆典、宗教仪式以及节日庆典，如著名的阿尔巴尼亚民俗节日“吉若卡斯特拉”（Gjirokastra）。作为歌唱形式，阿尔巴尼亚的复调包括三部分：两个独唱部分，一个旋律部分和伴随合唱低声部的对位旋律。较少见的四部歌唱结构，仅见于来布斯人的音乐。这一形式同样包括两个独唱部分，但由双低音声部伴唱，一个合唱部分和一个独唱段落。独唱部分的结构因低声部演唱方式的不同而不同，但两种低音类型存在大量的变化结构，特别是持续音的风格，它流行于这一音乐种类所有的表演团体中。过去的几十年，逐渐增加的文化旅游以及研究团体对这一特有民族传统不断增长的关注，为阿尔巴尼亚平行复调的复兴做出了贡献。

Albanian traditional polyphonic music can be divided into two main styles: the performance style of the North Albanian Ghegs, and the performing style of the come of the Andean people (Labs) living in southern Albania. The main guide to the declaration is the parallel polyphonic music of Albania (Tosks) and the people of the Andes. The term Iso refers to the form associated with the Byzantine church music ISON, especially the bass vocal parts, that is, the accompaniment. There are two ways to perform in this low voice: Among the Toscus, the term Alas is often used to keep the bass continuous and to use misplaced respiration, while in the performance of the cloth, the bass sometimes uses a rhythmic tone, accompanied by the lyrics to sing. The two-vocal, three-vocal and four-vocal polyphonic are different. Two-part parallel polyphonic is the simplest form of Albanian polyphonic music, popular throughout the South Albanian region. Parallel polyphonic is performed mainly by men, but there are also a small number of female singers. This music is widely used in various social activities, such as weddings, funerals, harvest celebrations, religious ceremonies and festivals, such as the famous Albanian Folk Festival Gjirokastra. As a form of singing, Albania's polyphonic consists of three parts: two solo parts, a melody part and a pair of melody accompanying the chorus murmur. The relatively rare four singing structures are found only in the music of the cloth people. This form also includes two solo sections, but is accompanied by a double bass part, a chorus section and a solo paragraph. The structure of the solo part varies according to the way the low vocal singing is performed, but there are a lot of structural changes in the two bass types, especially the style of continuous sound, which is popular in all the performance groups of this musical genre. Over the past few decades, the growing attention of cultural tourism and research groups to this unique national tradition has contributed to the revival of parallel rehabilitation in Albania.