【非洲·冈比亚】坎科冉或曼丁成人礼 The Kankurang or Manding Initiatory Rite（2008年）

坎科冉是塞内加尔和冈比亚的曼丁人地区的一种成年礼，相当于“卡萨曼斯”（Casamance）。相传，最初坎科冉形成于“科莫”，这是一个由猎手组成的秘密社团，他们与众不同的组织方式和行为方式促成了曼丁民族的出现。
　　坎科冉仪式最主要的特征是：受成年礼者带着用树皮和faara树的红根须做成的面具，穿着树叶做成的衣服，用蔬菜浆汁涂画全身。仪式通常在8月和9月左右举行，受礼者之所以要如此打扮，是割礼和成年礼仪式的要求，因为坎科冉是秩序的守护者、灵魂的法官和驱魔者。坎科冉仪式有以下几个步骤：挑选出那些将由长者为其戴上面具、穿上行头受成年礼的年轻人；受礼者进入森林；守夜和游行，可能持续数小时；受过成年礼的年轻人在村里游行。坎科冉仪式中始终有受过成年礼的人们的游行队伍伴随，还有数人进行歌舞表演，模仿受礼者的行为。当他挥舞起弯刀，并发出痛苦的哭嚎时，会有一段断续的舞蹈，尾随着他的人们拿着树枝和棕榈树叶子，伴着合唱和桶子鼓打出节奏。
　　坎科冉因成年礼仪式有利于社会凝聚，有利于复杂知识和习俗的传播和教授，体现了曼丁的文化特性。成年礼是年轻人学习集体的行为准则、了解本部族的特性、领会植物的奥妙和医药的价值、并且学习打猎技巧的时机——这种实践在塞内加尔和冈比亚这片土地上，在纯粹的民族传统中，历经沧桑变幻被保存了下来。

Cancun is a rite of rite in the Manding area of Senegal and the Gambia, equivalent to "Casamance". According to legend, the original Cancco was formed in "Como", a secret society composed of hunters. Their distinctive organization and behavior led to the emergence of the Manding nation. The main feature of the Cancco ritual is that the ceremonial rituals carry masks made of bark and red roots of faara trees, clothes made of leaves, and painted with vegetable juice. Ceremonies are usually held around August and September. The reason why the recipients are dressed up is the requirement of circumcision and rites, because Cancco is the guardian of order, the judge of the soul and the exorcist. The Cancco ritual has the following steps: pick out the young people who will wear masks for the elders and the ceremonial ceremonies for the ceremonies; the ceremonies enter the forest; the vigils and marches may last for hours; Young people marched in the village. In the Cancun ceremony, there were always parade teams of people who had been rites of rites, and several people performed singing and dancing performances to imitate the behavior of the recipients. When he waved his machete and made a painful cry, there was an intermittent dance, followed by his people holding branches and palm leaves, accompanied by chorus and barrel drums to make the rhythm. Canco's rites for the rites are conducive to social cohesion, to the dissemination and teaching of complex knowledge and customs, and to reflect the cultural identity of Manding. Adulthood is the time for young people to learn the collective code of conduct, to understand the characteristics of the tribe, to understand the subtleties of plants and the value of medicine, and to learn the skills of hunting. This practice is in the land of Senegal and the Gambia, in the pure nation. In the tradition, the vicissitudes of life have been preserved.