【非洲· 马里】在库鲁坎-弗噶宣布的《曼得宪章》 The Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga(2009)

十三世纪初，一次主要的军事胜利之后，曼丁哥帝国的创立者及其智囊团在库鲁坎-弗噶宣布了新的《曼得宪章》，它的题名来自尼日尔河上游盆地、今天几内亚和马里之间的领土。该宪章尽管主要是口头形式的，却是世界上最古老的宪法之一，它包含七个章节的导言，提倡多样化中的社会和谐，人、教育、国土完整、食品安全的不可侵犯，废除劫掠为奴隶的制度，以及表达方式和贸易的自由。尽管曼丁哥帝国已经消亡，这部宪章中的话语及其相关仪式依然在马林凯人的部落里以口头的方式父子相传。为保持这项传统，每年在今天马里（紧挨几内亚边界）的康加巴村庄（临近库鲁坎-弗噶的大片空旷地）都举行纪念性、历史性的集会和仪式。仪式由马里的国家及地方机构，特别是传统的权威机构支持，他们把这部宪章看作法律的来源和对慈善、和平与友爱的促进，这些信念是历久不衰的。《曼得宪章》一直是这一带人民的价值观和认同感的基础。

At the beginning of the thirteenth century, after a major military victory, the founder of the Mandingo Empire and its think tank announced the new Mande Charter in Kurukan-French, whose title was from the upper basin of the Niger River, today The territory between Guinea and Mali. Although the charter is mainly oral, it is one of the oldest constitutions in the world. It contains seven chapters of the introduction, promoting social harmony in diversity, inviolability of people, education, territorial integrity, food safety, and abolition. The system of looting as a slave, as well as the freedom of expression and trade. Although the Mandingo empire has died, the words in this charter and related ceremonies are still passed on by the father and son in the Marinkai tribe. In order to maintain this tradition, commemorative and historic gatherings and ceremonies are held every year in the village of Kangaba (close to the vast open space of Kurukan-French) in Mali (close to the border of Guinea). The ceremony was supported by the national and local institutions of Mali, especially the traditional authorities, who viewed the charter as a source of law and a promotion of charity, peace and friendship. These beliefs are enduring. The Mande Charter has always been the foundation of the people’s values and identity.