【亚洲·日本】净琉璃文乐木偶戏 Ningyo Johruri Bunraku puppet theatre（2008年）

“与歌舞伎并列为日本最重要的舞台艺术之一的宁宫柔里本乐木偶剧院融合了宋体叙事、器乐伴奏和木偶戏。这种戏剧形式出现在江户早期（约1600年）当木偶戏与15世纪流行的叙事体裁“柔术”结合在一起时。这种新形式的木偶戏的相关情节来源于两个主要来源：以封建时代为背景的历史剧（Jidaimono）和探索内心事务与社会义务之间冲突的当代戏剧（Sewamono）。

到了18世纪中叶，宁约·庄鲁里已经采用了其独特的舞台风格。观众可以看到三名木偶演员在齐腰大屏幕后面的舞台上操纵大型铰接木偶。从一个突出的高架平台（yuka），叙述者（tayu）讲述了这个动作，同时一位音乐家用三弦尖刺琵琶（shamisen）伴奏音乐。塔尤人扮演所有角色，包括男性和女性，并使用不同的声音和语调来适应每个角色和情况。虽然塔尤人“读”的是剧本，但有足够的即兴创作空间。

三名木偶演员必须仔细协调他们的动作，以确保木偶的姿势和态度看起来真实。这些木偶由木偶大师手工制作，充满了精致的服装和个性化的面部表情。这一流派在19世纪末获得了现在的全名宁约·约翰鲁里·布纳库，当时布纳库扎是一个领先的剧院。今天，大阪的国家文乐剧院是最著名的演出场所，但其享有盛誉的剧团也在东京和地区剧院演出。江户时代创作的700部戏剧中，约有160部保留在今天的剧目中。演出一整天，从最初的六幕缩短到两三幕。Ningyo Johruri Bunraku于1955年被指定为重要的非物质文化遗产。如今，它吸引了众多年轻演员，戏剧的审美品质和戏剧内容继续吸引着现代观众。"

2008年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

Ranking with Nô and Kabuki as one of Japan’s foremost stage arts, the Ningyo Johruri Bunraku puppet theatre is a blend of sung narrative, instrumental accompaniment and puppet drama. This theatrical form emerged during the early Edo period (ca. 1600) when puppetry was coupled with Johruri, a popular fifteenth-century narrative genre. The plots related in this new form of puppet theatre derived from two principal sources: historical plays set in feudal times (Jidaimono) and contemporary dramas exploring the conflict between affairs of the heart and social obligation (Sewamono).

Ningyo Johruri had adopted its characteristic staging style by the mid eighteenth century. Three puppeteers, visible to the audience, manipulate large articulated puppets on the stage behind a waist high screen. From a projecting elevated platform (yuka), the narrator (tayu) recounts the action while a musician provides musical accompaniment on the three-stringed spike lute (shamisen). The tayu plays all the characters, both male and female, and uses different voices and intonations to suit each role and situation. Although the tayu “reads” from a scripted text, there is ample room for improvisation.

The three puppeteers must carefully co-ordinate their movements to ensure that the puppet’s gestures and attitudes appear realistic. The puppets, replete with elaborate costumes and individualized facial expressions, are handcrafted by master puppet makers. The genre acquired its present full name Ningyo Johruri Bunraku – in the late nineteenth century, a period in which the Bunrakuza was a leading theatre. Today, the pre-eminent venue is the National Bunraku Theatre in Osaka, but its highly reputed troupe also performs in Tokyo and regional theatres. Approximately 160 works out of the 700 plays written during the Edo period have remained in today’s repertory. Performances, once lasting the entire day, have been shortened from the original six to two or three acts. Ningyo Johruri Bunraku was designated Important Intangible Cultural Property in 1955. Nowadays, it attracts numerous young performers, and the aesthetic qualities and dramatic content of the plays continue to appeal to modern audiences.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2008.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region