【亚洲•韩国】拔河非物质文化遗产项目

拔河是为祈愿丰收、加强共同体成员之间的和谐与团结，在东亚与东南亚稻作文化圈广泛流行的。共同体的成员通过拔河谋求社会团结与纽带，以此表示新农耕周期的开始。其方法为分成两个小组各执绳一端向相反的方向角力，意义在于谋求共同体的富饶与安慰而不再胜负与否。通过拔河，村里的长辈使得年轻人一起参加，发挥民俗流行的中心作用，并共同体的成员以此加强合作与团结。在东亚各地区广泛流行的民俗拔河，拥有分为两个小组相互面对面拉绳的类似点，但根据气候与环境有各不同的特殊性、独立性与创造性等特点。

韩国的灵山拔河（国家指定第26号）、机池市拔河（国家指定第75号）、三陟蟹拔河（江原指定第2号）、甘川蟹拔河（庆南指定第7号）、宜宁大绳拔河（庆南指定第20号）、南海仙区拔河（庆南指定第26号）等6种国家指定和市道政府指定无形文化遗产被列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产名录。

“拔河仪礼与游戏”是韩国首次试图的多国家共同列入的文化遗产。韩国关注有效表现民俗文化特性与精神价值的具代表性的文化游戏及仪礼民俗拔河的文化多样性与共享价值，促进了多国家共同登录。在2012年，将拔河选为共同登录项目的候选对象，鼓励包括韩中日三国在内的东南亚各国的参与。其中通过愿意共同参加的柬埔寨、菲律宾、越南的多年合作，在2015年成功的将拔河列入无形文化遗产名录。

一、韩国、越南、柬埔寨、菲律宾联合申报：拔河

拔河为双方各执绳一端进行角力的体育活动，属于中国的传统运动项目。

拔河在中国有悠久的历史。早在春秋战国时期，就有拔河这项活动，不过在那时不叫拔河，而称为“钩强”或“牵钩”，后演变为荆楚一带民间流行的“施钩之戏”。

2015年12月，韩国、越南、柬埔寨、菲律宾一起申请的拔河（Tugging rituals and games）成功被列入非物质文化遗产名录。

历史沿革

《隋书·地理志》称，故楚地南郡、襄阳一带“有牵钩之戏，云从讲武所出。楚将伐吴，以为教战，流迁不改，习以相传。钩初发动，皆有鼓节，群噪歌谣，振惊远近。俗云：以此厌胜，用致丰穰，其事亦传于他郡。”这里的“牵钩之戏”，实际上是当时配合水战的一种军事技能。

起源

那么，“钩强”或“牵钩”是怎样出现的呢？《墨子·鲁问》中有较为详细的记载：“昔者，楚人与越人舟战于江。楚人顺流而进，迎流而退；见利而进，见不利则其退难。越人迎流而进，顺流而退，见利而进，见不利则其退速。越人因此若执，亟败楚人。公输子自鲁南游楚焉，始为舟战之器，作为钩强之备。败者钩之，进者强之。量其钩强之长，而制为之兵。楚之兵节，越之兵不节，楚人因此若执，亟败越人。”文中提到，公输子鲁班给楚国设计制造了一种在战船上进行水战的兵器，叫做“钩强”。敌船败退时，可用“钩强”钩住敌船，使其不能逃脱；敌船行进时，又可用“钩强”顶住敌方船只，使其不得靠近。牵是拉的意思，钩指钩拒。这一形式用于军队水战的训练中，可以锻炼水军战士作战时钩拉或强拒的能力，故称之为“牵钩”。当时，楚国在训练水军时，是用薄竹片劈成细条做成的“篾缆”代替长钩，将士分成两队，各执篾缆的一端进行对拉，互相较力。

后来，楚国的这项水军“教战”项目，逐渐普及到民间，广为流传。南朝梁宗懔所撰《荆楚岁时记》称，立春之日，“为施钩之戏，以绠作篾缆，相霄（系）绵亘数里，鸣鼓牵之”。施钩即牵钩。特别是临水地区的各水乡渔村，渔民们仿效“钩强”制作成类似近代带有“挽子”的篙，作为使船的工具。与此同时，有的地区还把这项军体运动变成一项民间的体育娱乐活动，形成为一种习俗，每逢佳节就用“牵钩”之戏来进行庆贺。

谈及拔河活动的起源，唐封演《封氏闻见记》中也有类似的记载：“相传楚将伐吴，以为教战”。可见，楚国训练士兵练牵拉气力的“牵钩”活动，就是的拔河运动的雏形。

缘于楚国水战的牵钩活动，后从军中传至民间，并沿袭久远。据《隋书·地理志下》载：“又有牵钩之戏，云从讲武所出。楚将伐吴，以为教战，流迁不改，习以相传。钩初发动，皆有鼓节，群噪歌谣，振惊远近。俗云以此厌胜，用致丰穰。其事亦传于他郡。”[1]可见，这种用于军事训练的活动在隋朝的民间仍然“流迁不改，习以相传”，并且从“钩初发动，皆有鼓节，群噪歌谣，振惊远近”的拔河过程看，我国古代的拔河方式基本形成。

唐代，拔河活动较多，且进一步规范。《新唐书·兵志》载：“六军宿卫皆市人，富者贩缯采，食梁肉，壮者为角抵、拔河、翘木、扛铁之戏。”唐封演《封氏闻见记》记载：“拔河，古谓之牵钩，襄汉风俗，常以正月望日为之。”说明到了唐代，正式有了拔河之名，而且拔河已经成为广泛流行的“风俗”活动，民间通常在每年的农历正月十五举行盛大的拔河活动。

关于唐代拔河的规则方法，唐人封演曾作了详细的记述。“拔河，古谓之牵钩……古用篾缆，今民则用大麻絙长四五十丈，两头分系小索数百条，挂于胸前，分二朋，两向齐挽，当大絙之中立大旗为界，震鼓叫噪，使相牵引，以却者为胜，就者为输，名曰拔河”。是说以前拔河用竹篾编拧的绳子，唐代改用粗大的麻绳。绳长四五十丈，在大绳的两头分系小索数百条，拔河的人将小索挂于胸前，这样就更易施力。拔河者分作两队，在大绳居中的地方

立大旗为界，相对而拉。“以却者为胜，就者为输。”（封演《封氏闻见记》卷六“拔河”）可见，那时的拔河虽然与现代大体相似，但不同之处一是拔河双方不是面对而拽，而是背对而拉；二是所用绳子不是一根而是“两头分系小索数百条”。这样，参与的人数更多，场面和规模也更大，也更加热闹而有气势。

古代拔河活动不仅在唐代的民间流传，在皇宫中也有举行，这在封演《封氏闻见记》中也有记载。其中一次是在唐中宗时（705-710年）的一个清明节期间举行的，地点在梨园毬场。当时，“七宰相二驸马为东朋，三宰相五将军为西朋。东朋贵人多，西朋奏胜不平，请重定。不为改，西朋竞输。”结果，仆射韦巨源、少师唐休璟因为年老，随绳而倒，很久都爬不起来。中宗在一旁观战，见状大笑，忙命左右快快扶起[2]。

据《唐语林》载，唐开元年间，唐玄宗多次在皇宫设拔河戏，其中一次有上千人参加，还特地邀请各国使节前来观看。这次千人拔河活动开始后，鼓声震天，喧声雷动。大臣张说曾用“长绳系日住，贯索挽河流”的诗句来描绘此次拔河的盛况。玄宗朝进士薛胜，曾目睹了千人拔河的盛大场面，并写下了有名的《拔河赋》。其中的精彩描述可以与封演的记载相互补充。在《拔河赋》中，薛胜对拔河的规则及当时的情状也做了生动的描写：“伊有司兮，昼尔于麻，宵尔于纫，成巨索兮高轮囷，大合拱兮长千尺。尔其东西之首也，派别脉分，以挂人胸腋。各引而向，以牵乎强敌。载立长旗，居中作程，苟过差于所志，知胜负之攸平。”当拔河开始之后，“执金吾袒紫衣以亲鼓，伏柱史持白简以鉴绳，败无隐恶，强无蔽能”。当双方相持不下时，“绳暴拽而将断，犹匍匐而不回”，“千人抃，万人咍，呀奔走，坌尘埃，超拔山兮力不竭，信大国之壮观哉”。可见，这样的拔河活动，还与显示国威有关。薛胜在《拔河赋》开篇讲到：“皇帝大夸胡人，以八方平泰，百戏繁会，令壮士千人，分为二队，名拔河于内，实耀武于外”，其“喧呼动地”的场面，导致“蕃客、士庶观者，莫不震骇”（封演《封氏闻见记》卷六“拔河”）。甚至“匈奴失筯，再拜称觞曰：‘君雄若此，臣国其亡。’”

史载，唐代的玄宗皇帝不仅经常组织拔河活动，甚至还专门写过一首名为《观拔河俗戏》的诗，诗中写道：“壮徒恒鼓勇，拔拒抵长河。欲练英雄志，须明胜负多。”（《全唐诗》卷三）可见帝王对拔河的关注与喜好。

此外，唐代宫女也有拔河活动。《新唐书·中宗纪》：“景龙三年……及皇后幸玄武门，观宫女拔河，为宫市以嬉”。从另一个方面反映了拔河在唐代的流行。似此上有所好，下必甚焉，则唐代社会，拔河游戏之盛，一般可鉴。

宋代，拔河活动也偶有记载。宋梅尧臣《江学士画鬼拔河篇》：“分明八鬼拔河戏，中建二旗观却前。”元代以后，关于拔河的记载很少见到，大概是拔河活动衰落所致。

晚清时期，拔河游戏在民间仍有流行。例如光绪年间，在甘肃的洮州地区，“每岁正月元旦及岁时各节，皆无异俗。惟正月初五午后，有扯绳之戏。其俗在东西门外河滩。以大麻绳作两二股，长数丈。另将小绳均挂大绳之末。分上下二朋，两钩齐挽。少壮威，牵绳首，极力扯之。老弱旁观。鼓噪声可撼岳。以西城门为界，上下齐扯。凡家居上者，上扯；家居下者，则下扯。胜者踊跃欢呼，负者颇为失意。其说，以为扯势之胜负，即以占年丰欠焉。相沿已久，不知自按襄汉拔河之举、上古牵钩之俗？（《洮州府志·风俗》）”

清朝末年，西方的拔河运动传入中国，被列入学校体育课与课外体育活动的内容。

此后，中国古代的拔河形式逐渐消失。

拔河运动

作为一项简单易行的团体运动，拔河在1912年至1920年曾贵为奥运项目。

当时拔河的规则很简单，每队8人对抗，并被列为田径项目之一。在举行过的5届奥运拔河赛中，丹麦瑞典联队、美国队、英国队、瑞典队和英国队先后夺冠。

1920年比利时安特卫普奥运会后，由于缺乏更好的比赛条件，加之比赛用鞋、队员体重等多方面规则存在各种争议，拔河就此被排除出了奥运会。

2002年，国际拔河联盟（TWIF）正式加入国际奥委会，这些年来一直以拔河回归奥运作为努力的目标。

从2014年开始，日本与韩国的拔河联盟就在争取拔河重返奥运大家庭的宣传。他们在申请书中指出，拔河可以让更多民间非职业选手登上奥运舞台，而考虑到规则相对简单，又是众多选手参加的团队运动，加上决出胜负时间并不长以及利于电视转播等因素，拔河值得回归奥运赛场。

2014年3月，韩国与越南、柬埔寨、菲律宾联合为“拔河比赛和仪式”申遗。

2015年11月，教科文组织非物质遗产委员会执行附属机构给出了“补充信息”的意见，认为需要完善相关说明，这意味着只有一半把握入选，但上述四国有关人士共同努力，最终使“拔河比赛和仪式”申遗成功。

2015年12月，韩国、越南、柬埔寨、菲律宾一起申请的拔河（Tugging rituals and games）成功被列入非物质文化遗产名录。

韩国

韩国的拔河其实与一般的拔河并不相同。

拔河用的绳索用稻草绳捻成，有主干绳分支绳之分，根据参加人数，确定绳的粗细长短。一般来说，几百人参加比赛的主干绳直径为50到60厘米左右，长300到400米，每隔1到2米拴一根分支绳，多的有100多根支绳。

按照韩国的风俗，在正月十二日和十三日，先举行两村之间的儿童拔河比赛，规模较小。第二天进行大规模的成年男子拔河比赛。

胜方除奖品外，还可扛走负方的全部拔河绳，回村举行庆功活动。[2]

日本

2013年底国际奥委会（IOC）召开会议通过了一系列的奥运改革方案，当中包括举办奥运会的城市拥有追加竞技项目的提议权。日本拔河联盟表示，将争取把拔河列为2020年东京奥运会的追加项目。

拔河由于比赛规则简单明快，对选手的技术和战略素养要求极高。2002年，国际拔河联盟（TWIF）正式加入IOC，多年来一直以拔河回归奥运会作为努力的目标。

比赛技巧

准备姿势

1、握绳：双手手心要向上；

2、拉绳：绳要从腋下过；

3、脚尖必须在膝盖之前，而且在拔河令出之前全身应伸展拉直

站姿

不要怕摔倒，全体人尽量向后倾斜！半蹲，马步,重心向后压。重心一定要低,集体往后仰。简单一点来说就是将腹或者髋挺出前面，眼睛看天。

排序

不要按力气大小，按体重，从绳子末端到最前线，依次由重到轻排列。注意拉开距离以防踩踏。不要把胳膊累伤了却忽视了脚和腿，下身一定要站得稳！前面的力量大点，尾巴上重量大的

握绳

比赛前绳子拉到最直，一定要！否则后面的人再用力，绳子是弯的，力就中和了。所有人的力都要向正后，否则一部分力会被自己人的力抵消，事倍功半。两个手相隔20cm，要视个人臂长而定。

注意：右撇子右手在后，左撇子左手在后。用力会更方便！帮忙喊号子的同学叫“1-2-1-2”，1要稳住，2要使劲拉，叫的节奏应该是一开始叫得慢些，越到后面叫得越快。

重心

拔河时身体倾斜度要达到45度以上。最后一个拉绳子的人一定要越胖越好(当然要有劲)。他蹲的必须比较低，重心低一点不容易被人拉跑。前面把绳子尽量压低，因为如果前面高的话，往往后面因绳太高而用不上力。人的重心要在后面，就是脚在前,身子在后。

Tug-of-war is popular in the rice culture circle of East Asia and Southeast Asia for the purpose of praying for a bumper harvest and strengthening the harmony and unity among the members of the community. Members of the community seek social solidarity and bonds through tug-of-war, which indicates the beginning of the new farming cycle. The method is to divide the two groups into two groups, each holding the rope at one end and fighting in the opposite direction. The significance is to seek the richness and comfort of the community and no longer win or lose. Through tug-of-war, the elders of the village bring young people together to play the central role of popular folklore and strengthen cooperation and solidarity among the members of the community. The popular folk tug-of-war in East Asia has the similarity of two groups pulling ropes face to face, but according to the climate and environment, it has different particularities, independence and creativity.

South Korea's Lingshan tug-of-war (No. 26 designated by the state), Jichi tug-of-war (No. 75 designated by the state), Sanya crab tug-of-war (No. 2 designated by the state), Ganchuan crab tug-of-war (No. 7 designated by Qingnan), Yining Dasheng tug-of-war (No. 20 designated by Qingnan), Nanhai Xian District tug-of-of-war (No. 26 designated by Qingnan) and other six kinds of intangible cultural heritage designated by the state and municipal governments are listed in UNESCO List of Human Intangible Cultural Heritage.

"Tug-of-war etiquette and games" is the first attempt by South Korea to be jointly included in the cultural heritage of many countries. South Korea pays attention to the cultural diversity and shared value of the representative cultural games and tug of war of etiquette and folklore, which effectively express the cultural characteristics and spiritual values of folk customs, and promotes the joint login of many countries. In 2012, tug-of-war will be selected as a candidate for the joint login project to encourage the participation of Southeast Asian countries, including South Korea, China and Japan. Among them, through years of cooperation among Cambodia, Philippines and Vietnam, which are willing to participate together, Tug-of-war was successfully included in the list of intangible cultural heritage in 2015. I. Joint declaration by Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia and the Philippines: Tug of war

Tug-of-war is a traditional sport in China, which is a contest between the two sides at one end of the rope.

Tug of war has a long history in China. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was tug-of-war, but at that time it was not called tug-of-war, but called "hook-strong" or "hook-up", which later evolved into a popular folk "hook-up drama" in Jingchu area.

In December 2015, Tugging rituals and games jointly applied by Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia and the Philippines were successfully included in the list of intangible cultural heritage.

Historical evolution

"Sui Shu Geographic Records" said that the southern Prefecture of Chu, Xiangyang area, "there is a tie-in drama, the clouds from the Wushu. The generals of Chu invaded Wu, believing that they would teach warfare and remain unchanged. At the beginning of hook launching, there are drum festivals, noisy ballads, shocking far and near. As the saying goes: to be tired of winning, to be rich, and its story is also spread to other counties. The "hook-up play" here was actually a military skill to cooperate with water warfare at that time.

origin

So how did "hook" or "hook" come into being? There are more detailed records in Mozi Lu Wen: "In the past, Chu people and Vietnamese people fought in boats in the river. The Chu people advance with the current and retreat with it; they retreat when they see advantages and disadvantages. The Vietnamese advance with the current, retreat with the current, advance with profit, and retreat with disadvantage. The Yue people are so persistent that they are desperately defeated by the Chu people. The public loser traveled to Chuyan from southern Shandong Province and was the weapon of boat warfare, as well as the equipment of hook-strong. The loser hooks the loser and the gainer is stronger. Measure the strength of its hook, and make it a soldier. Chu's Army Festival, Vietnam's soldiers are not, so if Chu people stick to it, they will lose the Vietnamese. It is mentioned in the article that Lu Ban, a public transporter, designed and manufactured a kind of weapon for the State of Chu to carry out water warfare on warships, which is called "hook-strong". When an enemy ship is defeated or retreated, it can be hooked by a "hook-strong" to prevent it from escaping. When an enemy ship is moving, it can also be used to hold the enemy's ship against it so that it can not get close to it. Pull means pull, hook and finger refuse. This form is used in the training of naval water warfare. It can train the ability of pulling or resisting when naval soldiers fight, so it is called "pulling". At that time, when Chu State was training naval forces, it used thin bamboo slices split into thin strips to make "bamboo cables" instead of long hooks. The soldiers were divided into two teams, each holding one end of the bamboo cables to pull and compete with each other.

Later, this naval "teaching war" project in Chu was gradually popularized among the people and spread widely. Liang Zongmu of the Southern Dynasty wrote Jingchu Sui Shi Ji, which said that on the day of the first spring, "for the purpose of performing hook opera, we use the silk as the cables, which stretch across the sky (lines) for several miles and call drums to pull them away". A hook is a hook. Especially in the fishing villages in Linshui area, fishermen imitated the "hook strong" to make poles similar to those with "pulls" in modern times as tools for making boats. At the same time, some areas have also turned this military sport into a folk sport and entertainment activities, forming a custom, every festival with the "hook" drama to celebrate.

Talking about the origin of tug-of-war activities, there are similar records in the Tang Dynasty's Premiere "The Story of Fengshi": "It is said that Chu will fight Wu for religious warfare". It can be seen that the "pulling hook" activity of training soldiers in the State of Chu is the embryonic form of tug-of-war movement.

Because of the tie-up activities in the water warfare of the State of Chu, it was spread from the army to the civilian people and lasted for a long time. According to Sui Shu Geographic Records, "There is also a drama of interlocking, clouds come out of the place of lecturing on martial arts. The generals of Chu invaded Wu, believing that they would teach warfare and remain unchanged. At the beginning of hook launching, there are drum festivals, noisy ballads, shocking far and near. Customary clouds are tired of winning, and use them to enrich the dumplings. The story also spread to other counties. [1] It can be seen that the activities used for military training in the Sui Dynasty were still "unchanged, used to pass on" among the people, and from the tug-of-war process of "the beginning of the hook, there are drum festivals, noisy ballads, shock far and near", the tug-of-war mode in ancient China was basically formed.

In Tang Dynasty, tug-of-war activities were more frequent and further standardized. "New Tang Books and Military Records" contains: "Six Army Suwei are city people, rich people sell and gather, eat beams and meat, strong people for the corner arrival, tug of war, warping, iron-carrying drama." "Tug-of-war, the ancient name of the tie, Xianghan customs, often to look at the sun in the first month of the moon," was recorded in the Tang Dynasty's festival. It shows that by the Tang Dynasty, tug-of-war was officially known, and tug-of-war has become a popular "custom" activity. Folk people usually hold grand tug-of-war activities on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month every year.

The rules and methods of tug-of-war in Tang Dynasty were described in detail. "Tug-of-war, the ancient term of the tie... In ancient times, the cables were used, while in modern times, the people used marijuana, which was forty or fifty feet long. Hundreds of small cables were tied at two ends. They were hung in front of their bosoms, divided into two friends and pulled together in two directions. When the neutral flag of Daqiu was bordered by a loud drum and a loud voice, they made each other pull and the other win, they lost and were called tug-of-war. That is to say, in the past, the tug-of-war ropes were woven and twisted with bamboo strips, while in the Tang Dynasty, the thick hemp ropes were used instead. The length of the rope is forty or fifty feet. Hundreds of small ropes are tied at both ends of the rope. The tug-of-war man hangs the small rope on his chest, which makes it easier to exert force. The tug-of-war men were divided into two teams, where the rope occupied the place.

Lift a big banner as a boundary, pull relative. "He who wins is the loser." It can be seen that although the tug-of-war at that time was similar to modern times, the difference was that the tug-of-war was not pulled face to face, but pulled back to face; the other was that the rope used was not one but hundreds of small ropes tied at both ends. In this way, the number of participants is more, the scenes and scale are larger, and also more lively and momentum.

The tug-of-war activities in ancient times were not only spread among the people in Tang Dynasty, but also held in the palace, which was recorded in the Fengshi Wen Jian Ji. One of them was held during a Qingming Festival in Zhongzong Period of Tang Dynasty (705-710). It was held in Liyuan Cichang. At that time, "seven prime ministers, two horses, were Dongpeng, three prime ministers and five generals were Xipeng. There are many distinguished people in Dongpeng, but Xipeng is unfair. Please redirect. If we don't change, Xipeng will lose. As a result, Tang Xiuhuang, a young teacher and a servant shooting Wei Juyuan, fell down with the rope because he was old and could not climb up for a long time. Zhongzong watched the battle and laughed at it. He was busy and helped himself up.

According to Tang Yulin, during the first year of the Tang Dynasty, Xuanzong set up tug-of-war operas in the Imperial Palace many times, one of which was attended by thousands of people, and invited envoys from various countries to watch. After the tug-of-war, drums were loud and thunderous. Minister Zhang said that he had used the poem "Long rope tied to daily life, through the rope to pull the river" to describe the grand occasion of the tug of war. Xue Sheng, a scholar of Xuanzong Dynasty, witnessed the grand scene of tug-of-war among thousands of people and wrote the famous Tug-of-war Fu. The brilliant description can complement the record of the festival. In Tug-of-war Fu, Xue Sheng also vividly described the rules of tug-of-war and the situation at that time: "Yiyou Si-lu, Daer Yu Ma, Xiaoer Yu-lu, a giant rope, a high wheel, a large composite arch, a thousand feet long. It is also the first thing, factions, to hang people's chest and axilla. Each leads to the other in order to draw on the strong enemy. Setting up a long banner, in the middle of the process, to live up to their ambitions, know the victory or defeat is at stake. When the tug-of-war began, "holding golden purple clothes to intimate drums, Fu Zhushi to keep white brief to guide the line, there is no hidden evil, strong no hidden ability". When the two sides are at a standstill, "the rope will break in a violent drag, and still crawl, but never return", "Thousands of people, thousands of people, ah, run, dust, beyond the mountains exhaustively, believe in the grandeur of great powers." It can be seen that such tug-of-war activities are also related to the display of national prestige. Xue Sheng said at the beginning of Tug-of-war Fu: "The emperor exaggerated Hu people, with eight sides of Pingtai, hundred opera meetings, so that thousands of heroes, divided into two teams, the name of tug-of-war in the interior, the real show outside." Its "noisy scene" led to "Tug-of-war" of "Fan Gu, scholars and ordinary people, not shocked" (the cover of "Fengshi See Ji" Volume VI, "Tug-of-of-of-of-of-war"). Even "when the Huns lost their sight, they worshipped the origin and said,'If a monarch or a hero does this, his subjects will die'."

Historically, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty not only often organized tug-of-war activities, but also wrote a poem entitled "Watching Tug-of-war Folk Opera". In the poem, he wrote: "The heroes are always brave and refuse to reach the Changhe River. If you want to practice your heroic ambition, you must know how many wins and losses you have. (Volume 3 of "All Tang Poems") It can be seen that the emperor's concern and preference for tug of war.

In addition, there were tug-of-war activities in Tang Dynasty. "New Tang Shu Zhongzong Ji": "Jinglong three years... uuuuuuuuuuu And Queen Lucky Xuanwumen, watching the tug of war for the palace city to play. Another aspect reflects the popularity of tug-of-war in the Tang Dynasty. If there is something good about it and what is good about it, we can generally learn from the prosperity of tug-of-war in Tang Dynasty.

In Song Dynasty, tug-of-war activities were occasionally recorded. Song Mei Yaochen's Painting of Ghost Tug-of-war by Jiang Xuebe: "Eight Ghost Tug-of-war Drama is clearly distinguished, but the view of Zhongjian Erqi is ahead." After the Yuan Dynasty, records of tug-of-war were rare, probably due to the decline of tug-of-war activities.

In the late Qing Dynasty, tug-of-war games were still popular among the people. For example, during the Guangxu period, in Taozhou area of Gansu Province, "New Year's Day and every festival of the first month of every year are no different. But in the afternoon of the fifth day of the first lunar month, there is a play of pulling ropes. Its custom is in the Dongximen Waterfront. Two or two strands of hemp rope, several feet long. In addition, all the small ropes are hung at the end of the big rope. Divide into two friends, two hooks pull together. Young power, lead the rope, pull it hard. The old and the weak are on the sidelines. Drum noise can shake Yue. Take Xicheng Gate as the boundary and pull up and down. Everyone who lives in the upper house pulls up while those who live in the lower house pulls down. The winner cheers and the loser is disappointed. That is to say, to think that the victory or defeat of the pull of power is to make up for the abundant or deficient years. For a long time, I don't know how to follow the custom of Xianghan tug-of-war and ancient times? (Taozhou prefectural records and customs)"

 [1]At the end of the dynasty, the tug-of-war movement in the West was introduced into China and included in school physical education and extracurricular sports activities.

Since then, the tug-of-war in ancient China has gradually disappeared.

tug-of-war

As a simple group sport, tug-of-war was once an Olympic sport from 1912 to 1920.

The rules of tug-of-war at that time were simple, eight people in each team confronted each other and were listed as one of the track and field events. In the five Olympic tug-of-war competitions held, Denmark and Sweden, the United States, Britain, Sweden and Britain won the championship successively.

After the 1920 Antwerp Olympics in Belgium, tug-of-war was excluded from the Olympics due to the lack of better competition conditions, and various disputes over rules such as shoes and weight of players.

In 2002, the International Tug-of-war Federation (TWIF) formally joined the IOC. Over the years, the tug-of-war return to the Olympic Games has been the goal of efforts.

Since 2014, the tug-of-war alliance between Japan and South Korea has been promoting tug-of-war return to the Olympic family. In their application, they pointed out that tug-of-war could bring more non-professional folk athletes onto the Olympic stage. Considering the relatively simple rules and the team sports that many athletes participate in, as well as the factors such as the short time of winning or losing the final decision and the advantage of TV broadcasting, tug-of-war is worth returning to the Olympic arena.

In March 2014, South Korea joined forces with Vietnam, Cambodia and the Philippines to bid for the tug-of-war competition and ceremony.

In November 2015, the Executive Subsidiary Body of the UNESCO Intangible Heritage Committee gave its "supplementary information" opinions that the relevant notes needed to be improved, which meant that only half of the participants would be selected. However, the above four countries worked together to make the tug-of-war contest and ceremony a success.

In December 2015, Tugging rituals and games jointly applied by Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia and the Philippines were successfully included in the list of intangible cultural heritage. [1]

The Republic of Korea

The tug-of-war in Korea is actually different from that in general.

The rope used for tug-of-war is twisted with straw rope, which can be divided into branch ropes of main rope. According to the number of participants, the length and thickness of the rope can be determined. Generally speaking, the main rope diameter of hundreds of people participating in the competition is about 50 to 60 centimeters, and the length is 300 to 400 meters. One branch rope is tied every 1 to 2 meters, and more than 100 branches are tied.

According to Korean custom, on January 12 and 13, a tug-of-war competition for children between two villages will be held first, on a smaller scale. The next day a large-scale tug-of-war for adult men was held.

In addition to the prizes, the winner can carry all the tug-of-war ropes of the loser and return to the village for celebration. [2]

Japan

At the end of 2013, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) held a meeting to adopt a series of Olympic reform programs, including the city hosting the Olympic Games has the right to propose additional sports. Japan's Tug-of-War Alliance said it would strive to make tug-of-war an additional event for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games.

Tug-of-war, because of its simple and clear rules, requires very high technical and strategic qualities of competitors. In 2002, the International Tug-of-war Federation (TWIF) formally joined the IOC. For many years, the tug-of-war return to the Olympic Games has been the goal of efforts. Ready position

1. Hold the rope: Hands and palms should be upward;

2. Pull the rope: the rope should pass through the armpit;

3. The toes must be stretched straight before the knees and before the tug of war.

Stance

Don't be afraid to fall, all the people try to lean back! Half squat, horse step, center of gravity backward pressure. The centre of gravity must be low and the collective should lean back. Simply put, the abdomen or hip is held out in front and the eyes look up at the sky.

sort

Do not arrange according to strength, weight, from the end of the rope to the front line, from heavy to light. Pay attention to the distance to avoid trampling. Don't hurt your arm but neglect your feet and legs. You must stand firm. Strong in front, heavy in tail.

Grip rope

Pull the rope straight before the race. Make sure! Otherwise, if the person behind us exerts more force, the rope will be bent and the force will be neutralized. Everyone's power should be positive and backward, otherwise part of it will be offset by others'power, and half the effort will be achieved. The two hands are 20 cm apart, depending on the length of the individual arm.

Note: Right-handed right hand is behind, left-handed left hand is behind. Efforts will be more convenient! Students who help shout chants are called "1-2-1-2". 1 should be steady and 2 should be pulled hard. The rhythm of shouting should be slower at the beginning and faster at the back.

Focus

The body tilt should be above 45 degrees during tug-of-war. The last person who pulls the rope must be as fat as possible. He has to squat low and his center of gravity is not easy to be pulled away. Keep the rope as low as possible in front, because if the front is high, the back is often too high to use force. The center of gravity of a person should be in the back, that is, in front of his feet and behind his body.